Ultrasonography can also be used to monitor the disease response to prono-supination maneuvers in patients with COVID-19. In a retrospective single-center study of a total of 22 patients with COVID-19 infection, diffuse B line patterns were found by ultrasonography in all cases. The point-of-care ultrasonography performing bedside can also use to evaluate pulmonary pathology at the bedside without the necessity of transporting the patients. The typical computer tomography of the chest finding of a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 infection showing bilateral ground-glass opacity. When compare to CXR, computer tomography (CT) of the chest in patients with COVID-19 showed higher sensitivity in detecting lung abnormality (CT chest 86.2% vs CXR 49.1%) (Figure (Figure1 1). The increase false negative of COVID-19 infection on CXR was found in young age and African-American ethnicity. Specificity and sensitivity of CXR for COVID-19 infection increased with time (sensitivity of 55% at ≤ 2 d increased to 79% at > 11 d) while specificity decreased with time (specificity of 83% decreased to 70%). CXR generally reveals pure ground glass, mixed ground-glass opacities-consolidation in bilateral peripheral and lower lungs zones. However, the CXR finding can be normal in the early stage of COVID-19 infection. Chest X-ray (CXR) is commonly used as it provides faster information than reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Imaging of the chest is an important diagnostic and follow-up tool for the pulmonary manifestation of COVID-19. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is considered the gold standard of diagnosis for COVID-19 infection. The high level of inflammatory markers, cytokines, and chemokines in the serum of patients with COVID-19 was reported. Pulmonary manifestation is frequently found and progresses rapidly but other organ dysfunction such as gastrointestinal, cardiac, or neurological system dysfunction can also present. For symptomatic cases, fever, dry cough, fatigue, and dyspnea are commonly reported. Thus, early diagnosis of COVID-19 infection is very crucial. Patients with COVID-19 infection typically had mild symptoms or even asymptomatic. COVID-19 has a mean incubation period of approximately 5 d. COVID-19 has affected people around the world with widespread morbidity and mortality especially in the elderly population with co-morbidities. COVID-19 rapidly spreads worldwide reaching the pandemic level. Person-to-person transmission is the main route of COVID-19 transmission and it can occur even during the incubation period. In January 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was identified as the causative pathogen and in February 2020 COVID-19 was named by the World Health Organization. Further studies are needed to better characterize the importance of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with COVID-19 infection.Ī novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a progressive viral disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 which initially was reported as a severe flu-like illness related to seafood in wet animal wholesale market in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. We summarized the literature which suggested or investigated the mediastinal lymph node enlargement in patients with COVID-19 infection. Mediastinal lymph node enlargement is not a typical computer tomography of the chest finding of patients with COVID-19 infection. It is commonly found to be associated with malignant diseases, sarcoidosis, and heart failure.

Mediastinal lymphadenopathy can be found due to infectious or non-infectious etiologies. Chest imaging in patients with COVID-19 commonly show bilateral lung involvement with bilateral ground-glass opacity and consolidation. Patients with COVID-19 infection typically had pulmonary manifestation but can also present with gastrointestinal, cardiac, or neurological system dysfunction. A novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a progressive viral disease that affected people around the world with widespread morbidity and mortality.

Hilar lymph nodes